Article elements

3.1. Title

The title should be concise (no more than 9 words) and match the objective of the study, omitting terms that are implicit and, where it is possible, be a statement of the main result or conclusion presented in the manuscript. Abbreviations should be avoided. It should be mentioned that including a few keywords in the title is a simple way to maximize your article’s discoverability.

 3.2. Authors and Affiliations

Authorship should be based on the following criteria:

• substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data;
• drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content;
• final approval of the version to be published;
• agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

All authors’ names are listed together in order of their contribution and separated by commas. The Corresponding Author should be marked with an asterisk in the author list.

Affiliations should be keyed to the author’s name with lower-case letters and be listed as follows: Department/Laboratory, Institution, City, Country, e-mail, and ORCID iD. See example:

Ivanov I.I. (a)*, Petrov P.P. (b), Sidorov S.S. (c)

*Corresponding author

(a) Psychology Department, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, xxx@ju.se, ORCID iD

(b) Psychology Department, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia, yyy@stsu.ru, ORCID iD

(c) Department of Teacher Education, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, zzz@helsinki.fi, ORCID iD

 3.3. Abstract

Abstract should range between 150 – 250 words. It should be presented as a single paragraph and briefly summarize the goals, methods, and new results presented in the paper. Reference citations are not allowed. Generally accepted abbreviations are allowed (ANOVA, DNK).

3.4.  Keywords

Keywords are placed under the abstract. Keywords are listed from the most general, corresponding to the problem, to the more differentiated, corresponding to the description of the participants in the study, and methods. Laboratory jargon and neologisms cannot be used as keywords. Each keyword starts with capital letters and is separated from others by commas. It is recommended to specify from three to seven keywords or phrases. Generally accepted abbreviations are allowed as keywords.

Keywords: Mind, Brain, Cognition

3.5. Sections

Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections and subsections (1 then 1.1, further 1.1.1, 1.1.2, …), 1.2, etc. Any subsection should have a short heading and should appear on its own separate line. Original Research articles usually include the following sections or their equivalents:

1. Introduction level 1

1.1. heading level 2

                                          1.1.1. heading level 3

                                         1.1.2. heading level 3

                                        1.1.3. heading level 3

1.2. heading level 2

1.3. heading level 2

2. Material and methods level 1

2.1. heading level 2

2.2. heading level 2

3. Results

3.1. heading level 2

3.2. heading level 2

4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Acknowledgments
7. CRediT author statement
8. References

3.5.1. Introduction usually covers the following main points:

(l) Identification of the specific scientific problem in the context of which the study was carried out, with mandatory substantiation of its topicality.

(2) A brief review of the literature, necessary for formulating a theoretical hypothesis, should contain the main approaches to solving the problem with the definition of important terms, based on new methodological procedures and results.

(3) A hypothesis that is formulated in terms of theoretical constructs as a specific solution to an actual psychological problem from the standpoint of a particular research program or paradigm.

(4) The purpose of the study, which also fixes the type of study, such as pre-experiment, quasi-experiment, true experiment.

 3.5.2. Materials and methods

This section should contain sufficient details so that when readers could repeat all the procedures used. This section should contain the following mandatory subsections:

3.5.2.1. Participants

A total number of participants, their sex, age (range or median), and other important information for the study (for example, educational status, normal or corrected vision, right-handedness/left-handedness, etc.), the method of sampling, the number of groups. It is necessary to stress that the term “control group” can only be used for a true experiment; for studies of pre-experimental and quasi-experimental types we recommend apply the terms “contrast group” or “comparison group”.

3.5.2.2. Procedure

The design of the study should be consistent with purpose and hypotheses. The description of the study should include the sequence of events, the task or stimulus proposed to the participants. It is obligatory to provide instructions (or reference on the standard instruction) and a description of the ways of communication between the researcher and the participants. When applying expert assessments, the number of experts, their professional status and experience, and their relevant individual traits (for example, gender, age). The instructions for experts, and the scale for expert judgments should be indicated. Ethical standards for research on animals and humans must be observed.

3.5.2.3. Methods and equipment

The tests/questionaries must include: name, date, place and author of the validation (or adaptation) with references to sources as well as main psychometric characteristics (e.g., Mean/Median/Mode, Standard deviation, Skewness, Kurtosis, Cronbach’s alpha) received on your sample. The detailed description of methods previously not presented in publications should be placed in the Supplementary Materials.

The equipment description covers main characteristics, manufacturer and country. The unique equipment can be described in more details (it is possible to bring diagrams and drawings).

3.5.2.4. Registration of indicators

Data collection method should be indicated (face-to-face, collective or individual contact, phone, mail, Internet). Methods of signal calibration and of synchronizing should be described. The readout frequency when sampling the signal as well as the ways of detecting, eliminating, and correcting artifacts should be specified.

3.5.2.5. Variables

All variables (independent, dependent, secondary, descriptors) or groups of variables should be listed, including the range of variation, gradation of change, frequency of presentation, and methods of their output. The description of the variables should include type of scaling in which they are measured, the accuracy of measurements as well as the correctness of the use of statistics procedures.

 3.5.3. Results

Results should be clear and concise. This section should contain only original data without explanation and references to the results of other researchers. When presenting the results of statistical procedures, evidence of the adequacy of their application should be provided.

 3.5.4. Discussion

In this section, the attitude to alternatives of the research hypotheses must be formulated and the new fact should be fully declared. This section may include several subsections, the number of which corresponds to the number of tasks (or research hypotheses), while the title of the subsection should correspond to the content of the corresponding task (or research hypotheses).

Discussion usually covers the following main points:

• description of the main result as a statistical solution;
• evidence of non-artifact nature of the results;
• comparison of the results obtained in other studies/by other authors;
• an indication of which of the alternatives is rejected and which is left for further research;
• substantiation of the novelty of the study and its importance for practice.

3.5.5. Conclusion(s)

The final fragment of the manuscript usually reflects assumptions about the possible consequences of the study and putting forward of new goals or hypotheses for the further research.

3.5.6. Acknowledgments

The editors encourage to gratitude all the persons who helped in the work on the manuscript. Acknowledgments to individuals and organizations that supported the authors in the implementation of the study (including foundations that funded the study) are placed in a footnote to the title of the manuscript.

 3.5.7. CRediT author statement

CRediT (Contributor Roles Taxonomy) is introduced with the intention of recognizing individual author contributions, reducing authorship disputes and facilitating collaboration (see https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leap.1210). Authors should have confident in the integrity of the contributions of their co-authors and be able to identify which co-authors are responsible for specific parts of the work.

The role(s) of all authors should be listed, using the following categories:

Conceptualization – putting forward the ideas; formulation overarching research goals and aims.

Data curation – producing metadata, scrubbing data and maintain research data (including software code, where it is necessary for interpreting the data itself) for initial use and later re-use.

Formal analysis – application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyze or synthesize study data.

Investigation – conducting a research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence collection.

Methodology – development of design or a set of research methods; creation of statistics models.

Resources – provision of study materials, reagents, materials, patients, laboratory samples, animals, instrumentation, computing resources, or other analysis tools.

Software – programming, software development; designing computer programs; implementation of the computer code and supporting algorithms; testing of existing code components.

Validation – verification, whether as a part of the activity or separate, of the overall replication/reproducibility of results/experiments and other research outputs.

Visualization – preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically visualization/data presentation.

Preparation of original draft – creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including substantive translation).

Review & editing – preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary or revision – including pre- or post-publication stages.

Sample CRediT author statement:

Ivanov I. I.: conceptualization, methodology, software;

Petrov P. P.: data curation, writing- original draft preparation;

Sidorov S. S.: visualization, investigation;

Vladimirov V. V.: writing-reviewing and editing.

3.5.8. Reference (see example: www.apastyle.org)

All references should be listed alphabetically and numbered. Reference numbers in square brackets are indicated in the text. All references should be opened and included in the list of references. For more information on references, see the 7th edition APA Style website (https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-guide.pdf)

General reference form:

Journal Article

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the article. Name of the Periodical, volume(issue), #–#. https://doi.org/xxxx

Book

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Copyright Year). Title of the book (7th ed.). Publisher. DOI or URL

Chapter in an Edited Book

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Copyright Year). Title of the book chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book (2nd ed., pp. #–#). Publisher. DOI or URL

Reference examples, see the 7th edition APA Style website (https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-examples.pdf).

• Journal Article

Lachner, A., Backfisch, I., Hoogerheide, V., van Gog, T., & Renkl, A. (2020). Timing matters! Explaining between study phases enhances students’ learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(4), 841–853. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000396

• Online Magazine Article

Gander, K. (2020, April 29). COVID-19 vaccine being developed in Australia raises antibodies to neutralize virus in pre-clinical tests. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/australia-covid-19-vaccine-neutralize-virus-1500849

• Print Magazine Article

Nicholl, K. (2020, May). A royal spark. Vanity Fair, 62(5), 56–65, 100.

• Online Newspaper Article

Roberts, S. (2020, April 9). Early string ties us to Neanderthals. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/science/neanderthals-fiber-string-math.html

• Print Newspaper Article

Reynolds, G. (2019, April 9). Different strokes for athletic hearts. The New York Times, D4.

• Authored Book

Kaufman, K. A., Glass, C. R., & Pineau, T. R. (2018). Mindful sport performance enhancement: Mental training for athletes and coaches. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000048-000

• Edited Book Chapter

Zeleke, W. A., Hughes, T. L., & Drozda, N. (2020). Home–school collaboration to promote mind–body health. In C. Maykel & M. A. Bray (Eds.), Promoting mind–body health in schools: Interventions for mental health professionals (pp. 11–26). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000157-002

• Online Dictionary Entry

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Internet addiction. In APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved April 24, 2020, from https://dictionary.apa.org/internet-addiction

• Dissertation From a Database

Horvath-Plyman, M. (2018). Social media and the college student journey: An examination of how social media use impacts social capital and affects college choice, access, and transition (Publication No.10937367) [Doctoral dissertation, New York University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

• Data Set

O’Donohue, W. (2017). Content analysis of undergraduate psychology textbooks (ICPSR 21600; Version V1) [Data set]. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36966.v1